Men’s immune systems typically show a slower response to infections compared to women, a difference influenced by biological and hormonal factors. Estrogen, a hormone found in higher levels in women, has been shown to enhance immune activity, making women’s immune systems more robust and quicker to respond to invading pathogens. In contrast, testosterone, which is more prevalent in men, can suppress immune function, potentially slowing down the body’s defense mechanisms.
Research also indicates that genetic factors contribute to these differences. Women have two X chromosomes, which carry genes vital to immune function, whereas men have one X and one Y chromosome. This genetic variation means that women might have a wider set of immune tools, giving them an advantage in fighting infections. However, while women’s immune systems respond faster, they also face higher risks of autoimmune diseases where the body’s immune response mistakenly targets its own tissues.
