African women have been at the center of historical movements for centuries. From empowering enslaved communities to nation building on the continent, women in Africa as well as the diaspora have effectively challenged dominant power structures, shifting the global realities of Black people. Mothers, daughters, sisters and wives, these ancestral women are honored for their commitment to affirming the right to exist and creating societies that are more just, while simultaneously advancing the rights of women long before, during and after the term feminism came into existence.
Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti
Often remembered as the mother of the prolific musician and activist Fela Kuti, Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti was a pioneering African feminist, social activist, educator and anti-colonial freedom fighter. Founder of the Nigerian Woman’s Union, which became the Federation of Nigerian Women’s Societies in 1953, Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti organized tax strikes against economic policies negatively affecting women, organized against the exploitation of women in business, and called for an end to colonial rule. Her dedication to ending injustice is what makes her a phenomenal woman in African history.
Yaa Asantewaa
Yaa Asantewa, Queen Mother of the Ejisuhene, led the Ashanti in a war against British colonization between 1900 and 1901. Keeper of the “Golden Stool” of the Ashanti Confederacy, Asantewaa challenged the violent British call for the complete domination of the Ashanti confederacy and demanded the return of the King, Asantehene Prempeh I, when many others considered surrender. She and her soldiers deftly fought against the British. Though she was defeated and exiled to the Seychelles, Yaa Asantewaa’s bravery and military fortitude exemplified the uniqueness of female leadership in anti-colonial processes, inspiring future generations of Ghanaians in the long fight for independence.
Miriam Makeba
Affectionately known as Mama Africa, Miriam Makeba was an artist, activist and major participant in both the anti-Apartheid and Pan-African movement. Makeba wrote and performed music that critiqued the Apartheid government of South Africa, advocating for an end to racial disenfranchisement, both from within South Africa and while in exile. She was also wife to South African musician Hugh Masekela and Pan-African activist Kwame Touré (formerly known as Stokely Carmichael). For over 30 years, Makeba was one of the artists responsible for igniting the consciousness of thousands of people, providing the musical pulse of the Anti-Apartheid Movement.
Wangari Maathai
The famous Kenyan environmentalist, women’s rights activist and Nobel Laureate, Professor Wangari Maathai, is remembered for her compassion and dedication to improving the lives of the most disenfranchised groups in society. Maathai founded the Green Belt Movement in 1977, known then as the National Council of Women of Kenya, as a response to the economic and social needs of Kenyan women living in rural areas. The Greenbelt Movement encouraged Kenyan women to plant trees, which helped to restore rainwater and provided them with food and firewood, while also earning a small income. Maathai’s work illuminated the linkages between poverty, environmental degradation and power, ultimately leading to people calling for more government accountability. Maathai’s emphasis on the importance of the environment also speaks to the long historical connection African people have had with the environment. Her work continues to inform and inspire environmental movements.
Queen Nanny of the Windward Maroons of Jamaica
Queen Nanny of the Windward Maroons was a Jamaican political leader, military strategist and Obeah woman. Originally born in Ghana, Queen Nanny led the Windward Maroons (maroons were formerly enslaved Africans who escaped to freedom and built communities outside of formal slave societies) in a successful war against the British, resulting in a negotiated land agreement for the Windward Maroon community. Queen Nanny’s experience is particularly significant, because a woman occupying three positions often associated with men expands the way we imagine the roles of women in history: she, like all the women recognized, asks us to explore women as agents in a way that is affirming of a woman’s definition of womanhood. Recognized as a national hero in Jamaica, Queen Nanny symbolizes strength, unity and the centrality of womanhood to resistance.
